Locke and Human Nature

Both Hobbes and Locke see human nature differently, Hobbes sees people as being run by selfishness whereas Locke says that people are naturally kind. In our state of nature, Hobbes says we have no rights but Locke suggests that we have natural rights Hobbes shows that humans are naturally evil that lays down the groundwork for his form of government. Hobbes and Locke’s theories differ greatly beginning with their views of human nature. Hobbes suggests that people are naturally, solitary, poor, nasty, and brutish. He also says that without authority mankind is selfish and egotistical. John Locke, on the other hand, sees people as being peaceful in their nature state. These different points of show how they formed their theory of the state of nature Hobbes’ theory is a pessimistic look at human being and the way they act around each other but Locke’s theory suggests that people are more easy-going and peaceful towards each other. As we see in the news daily, people are often cruel and inhumane, and we also see kinder people in everyday life. We see people who give up their own personal pleasure so they can serve others. But these people are far and few between, it becomes quickly obvious that humans are drawn towards self-happiness Acording to Machiavelli and Locke Despite their contradictions on â€Å"sovereignty†, John Locke and Niccolo Machiavelli shared one conspicuous concern, and that is their concern for the betterment of society. It is plain to see that both philosophers did have common ways of thinking regarding what a ruler should and should not do. It is ‘how' a ruler should behave in order to win sovereignty of his state that led to a divergence in their opinions. Machiavelli and Locke both considered the nature of government and man's individual interests as they relate to governmental structures. Machievelli's idea of fortune and Locke's ‘state of nature' concept both shaped the theorists arguments about the purpose of political life. It has been posited that for Machiavelli, politics is an unpredictable arena in which ambition, deception and violence render the idea of the common good meaningless, while Locke would argue that political or civil society exists only to preserve the rights of the individual. It can be argued that for both Machiavelli and Lock, political activity, then, becomes merely a means of satisfying selfish ends.

Alienation in the 21st Century Is Rife

Alienation in the 21st century is rife. Discuss For| Against| Social networking sites such as facebook, MSN etcSocial networking sites have a profound ability to easily exclude people by specifically targeting certain groups within a community or society. People can at times feel left out or easily targeted when others make unnecessary comments and many friendships or relationships can deteriorate as a result of the great influence it has on people’s social lives. People are also losing basic social skills as a result, and are becoming heavily reliant on the simple services provided by the internet to communicate basic messages. People are also lacking sympathy and empathy, slowly becoming more and more self- absorbed. This is also reiterated through the rise of commercial happiness (found through materialistic objects)Cultural alienation Alienation between people of different cultures can lead to terrorism, racial and cultural prejudice and pre-determined assumptions and stereotypes of a particular ethnic group. People can also form groups in a community which, although may bring some together, can alienate people who don’t belong to a particular culture or ethnicity. Alienation between generations Newer generations and older generations differ greatly from one another in many ways including language, values and societal morals. As a result many people may feel alienated when communicating or interacting with other people. Eg: baby boomers vs. generation YAlienation by languageAustralian colloquialism and vernacular can often exclude and alienate people of different ethnic backgrounds. Language used within different suburbs, states and age groups can alienate people. (eg: eshayz, tomozza)Religious alienationAlienation among people of different religious beliefs can lead to terrorism, prejudice, violence and feelings of exclusion. Religious gatherings such as youth groups at institutions like churches can lead to people feeling alienated. | MulticulturalismAwareness and acceptance of other cultures is more apparent within our own society, cultural relativism (not judging another culture by the standards of your own). The integration of cultures within our society through holidays, festivals, art, language, music, film, entertainment, etc has an immense impact on the community as a whole. Social networking sites such as facebook, MSN etcSocial networking sites can also bring people closer together in the way that everybody is connected to another person somehow. It is, in a sense, a virtual community. ————————————————- ————————————————- Different social classes/ statusPeople of different social classes can often be prejudiced and discriminated against which can often lead to changing values and treatment among people. FamilyDue to the prominence of work and technology, family life is often strained and relationships between members can be challenged and constricted. There is no longer a sense of belonging in families and not many people feel ‘together’ as a result. Instead technological objects seem to be consistent within family life and many seem connected to these as opposed to their fellow family members. This is largely due to the shifting times in our community. |

Hamlet’s Tainted Mind Essay

In act two, Hamlet presents a self loathing soliloquy, reflecting upon his hesitation in taking revenge upon King Claudius. Shamed and inspired by the courageous tone of a play actor’s speech, Hamlet vows to catch the King’s guilt though a play of his own. However, while his plan may be viable, Hamlet’s reasoning suggests a tainted mind. The speech immediately focuses on Hamlet’s praise for the actor and disdain for his own lack of action. He displays a deep envy for the character’s passion, while disparaging himself for lacking the same fervor. â€Å"Had he the motive and the cue for passion that I have? He would drown the stage in tears.† In reaction to his envy, Hamlet devises a vengeful plan. However, while indeed witty, attempting to sight someone’s conscious hardly qualifies as the act of passion and significance that Hamlet so yearned for earlier in his soliloquy. This contradiction insinuates Hamlet’s inability to register emotion on a physical scale. While his mind can generate phrases and ideas of articulacy and beauty, it’s too tainted and preoccupied that it can not transfer the eloquent words he recites into reality. Thus, time and time again he will completely ignore the task at hand. Hamlet’s plot also suggests a weakness in his ability to understand human disposition. He plans on catching a grimace of evil or worry upon Claudius, believing that the sight of his own actions will prompt the King’s emotions. â€Å"I’ll observe his looks, I’ll tent him to the quick.† So Hamlet’s important scheme hinges on a man publicly revealing his inner sentiment. While of course, such a notion is unreliable and impetuous, Hamlet trusts its validity. â€Å"The play’s the thing wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King.† A man that would commit such a terrible crime, as that accused of Claudius, would hardly be affected, at least externally, by Hamlet’s plan. Hamlet obviously lacks a full understanding of the complexity of man. He evolved earlier in act one, when he so forcibly learned and noted that â€Å"There’s never a villain dwelling in Denmark but he’s an arrant knave.† Evidently, his mental evolution lacks completion, as true human nature is virtually unbeknownst to Hamlet. These imperfections, while proving a tainted mind, also serve to accentuate Hamlet’s character. Not often can a man speak his ideas so eloquently, yet express them with little resemblance, and understand them with even less accuracy. Perhaps the contradiction suggests a direct correlation between Hamlet’s secluded upbringing and schooling and his lack of understanding of human nature?

(the public problem that you choose) Assignment

(the public problem that you choose) - Assignment Example Rate of Obesity in Adults Approximately 68 per cent of grownups are having obesity and in America only 75 million grownups are obese, according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007-2008. Rate of Obesity in Children The rate of obesity is on the rise in children as well. The rate of obesity among the children between the ages of 2 to 5 years has more than doubled in the last 30 years, while the rate of obesity among the children between the ages of 6 to 11 years has tripled in the last 30 years and the rate of obesity in youngsters between the ages of 12 to 19 years has increased to more than triple in the last 30 years. Furthermore, according to statistics I child in every 6 children is obese and almost 17 per cent of American children between the ages of 2 to 19 years have obesity. Why Obesity needs to be addressed? Obesity does not only cause the increase in the weight and makes one lazy but it is also gives rise to many other health problems which remain conne cted with the obese person for the lifetime. The person having obesity has greater chances of having diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, type-2 diabetes, some kind of cancers, gout, arthritis, coronary thrombosis and  gall bladder, liver disorders and certain long lasting illnesses. It has been shown by research that a child who has obese becomes overweight and takes obesity in his adulthood. In the United States only among adults of age 20 and older 13 per cent have diabetes and among these 13 per cent 40 per cent have not been diagnosed earlier with obesity, the statistics have been showed by 2005-2006 NHANES survey. 95 per cent of all diabetics have type 2 diabetes and almost all of the undiagnosed patients having diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Pre-diabetes does not have any symptoms and the increased risks of having type 2 diabetes and heart diseases which majorly include heart attacks or strokes are caused by pre-diabetes. Causes and alternatives of Obesity O besity is usually caused as a result of eating more food as compared to the physiological requirement of the body. People who do not take part in the activities of life actively, prefers sedentary routine and are habitual of taking in food more than required by their daily life style are prone to become obese. People do not succeed in adjusting their desire of eating food according to their requirement gain weight and as a result become obese. The possibility of occurrence of obese is equal in both sexes i.e. male and female and can arise at any age. Normally women become obese after their pregnancy or in menopause. During pregnancy women usually gains a lot of weight which they fail to shed after the birth of their new born. This extra fat stored in their body makes them obese. The problem of obesity is a serious public issue and should be dealt seriously as this excessive storage of fat is the cause of having stress not only on heart but also on kidneys and liver as well. This ext ra weight caused by the excessive storage of fats puts strain on the joints like knees, ankles and hips that causes shortening of duration of life. Though recently much have been done to increase the awareness about obesity and the dangers it causes to the human life but a lot is still left to be done. Isolated, bored, unloved, hopeless, sad, unsatisfied and displeased with their family members, financial dissatisfied are the people who become involved in the habit of

Does China Threaten U.S. Global Economic Dominance Research Paper

Does China Threaten U.S. Global Economic Dominance - Research Paper Example In the  recent  global  economic  crisis of 2008-2009, China also managed to recover faster than United States which is still in the process of recovering from high unemployment rate, national debt and widening fiscal deficit. This  disparity  in economic performance led many to  consider  that perhaps the balance of power has already shifted from United States to China. To assess whether China threatens U.S. global economic dominance, it would be necessary to examine the factors that could threaten the US position as a global economic superpower and make a comparison between the two countries. That way, we would know if China is already threat to US’s global economic dominance. Economic dominance is a critical barometer of being a superpower because economics drives everything including a country’s ability to influence the world. Economic power includes  absolute  GDP (Gross Domestic Product) or a country’s total output that will  translate   to resources that can be used for defense purposes, projection of power and ability to influence the world. In totality, what really would matter if a certain country already threatens the economic dominance of United States is if its economy is already near as large as that of the economy of United States. In this regard, US economy is still about eight times bigger than China and has massive industrial and technological complex to support and sustain the growth of its economy.   Its currency is still used as the world's  reserve currency and it is not likely that the US dollar will be replaced by other currency soon or specifically by the Chinese Yuanii.   China's economy in contrast is eight times smaller than United States.   Further,  China is burdened with its huge population of 1.3 billion. Such that when its GDP is divided among its 1.3 billion population, its GDP will translate to a very low per capita income.   In 2007 pre-economic crisis, China’s pe r capita income was only $2,000 compared to US per capita income of $42,000.   China is not yet considered developed because there are still  400 million Chinese who lives in its rural area who survive on less than $2 per day and another 200 million lives on less than a dollar a dayiii.   Ã‚  China’s  weakness  includes its lack of multinational corporations.  China does not  even  have its own industrial complex and its economy is heavily dependent on Western enterprise.   If US pulls out of China, China will be on its knees because it is heavily dependent on US industries and market. United States economic might translates to its overwhelming military superiority over China.   Military superiority is a critical dimension of power because it enables a country to assert itself when it needs to defend its interest in the global arena and that includes economic interest.   The gauge of military superiority is not limited to the number of troops but also in cludes the sophistication of its military hardware.   The huge  size of US economy enables it to allocate a military budget that is not equaled by China.   It only allocates 4% of its total GDP on defense but due to the sheer size of its economy, this translates to a $600 billion military budget.    Compared to US budget of $600 billion for military expenditure, China has only a military budget of   $50 to $70 billion (although Pentagon doubt that such figure is understated) which only comprises one eight

What Is Globalisation and How Does It Challenge World Politics Essay

What Is Globalisation and How Does It Challenge World Politics - Essay Example This essay stresses that as the world progresses, the growing unease fuelled by both political and economic disagreements have seen major countries across the world adopt measures that protect their interest. Held and Hirst state that China for example has introduced additional rules defined as serving ‘national security’ a situation that has increased economic uncertainty in China in terms of foreign investments. Countries like Russia on the other hand have developed what is referred to as sovereign wealth fund that is aimed at safeguarding the inward equity investments in Russia thereby encouraging internal economic activities. Australia introduced laws restricting takeover, a move that was seen as trying to block some nations from buying Australia’s natural resources. This paper makes a conclusion that it remains to be seen whether globalization will have an overall positive impact on the global setting. This is because, there is still a general feeling that globalization brings along selfish interest among those in control. This explains why international trade bodies such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), international justice institutions and arbitration courts such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the international community bodies such as the UN and EU have never been unilaterally embraced. The main idea behind the formation of these institutions may have been positive but, such institutions might be manipulated leading to further widening of the power gap that may eventually lead to a full blown confrontation between different nations across the world.

American Indian Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Indian Music History - Essay Example the coming of Europeans and the whites to â€Å"the new land† (America), assimilation became a primary tool used by the whites to streamline cultures and create harmony in the white’s quest for expansion and trade in the country. Assimilation policy that was equally developed by the government of the United States has resulted in the erosion of most cultures of the indigenous communities in America. American Indians are among the people who were greatly affected with assimilation relegating their culture almost to extinction. Participation of the American Indians in the west wild show was a crucial step in the preservation of culture through showcasing to the young generation the significance of the culture and association of one to his/her culture. According to Warren, L. S. (pp. 369), paragraph 37 of the article indicates the significance of Wild West dance in preservation of Indian culture where, â€Å"the wild west show was most of all a new genre of Indian perform ance wherein dozens of Indians, some of them renowned war leaders, simulated life before conquest.† Ghost dance appeared as a form of religion that combined the traditional religious practices and some aspects of Christianity. The indicators of the order believed that through the performance of the dance, one could reach a state where communication with the spirit of the dead could be possible. This was thus meant to bring peace and prosperity to the community. According to the whites, Ghost dance was seen as a challenge to their influence in America and religion. The notion that the form of dance was to bring emancipation to the community came at loggerheads with the whites’ interest in America. According to Warren, L. S. (pp. 377) paragraph 66, â€Å"When the department of the interior finally requested the help of the army late in 1890, Milles’s response was to surround areas where Ghost Dancers had large following, and requested that all Indians cone to the

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example It is important for Jacket-X to implement ways of detecting and securing networks so as to counter cyber threats vulnerabilities such as email spoofing, denial of service attack, malware intrusion, spywares, hackers as well as data and information theft that are implemented through the network (Roberta Bragg, 2004). However there are several methods by which Jacket-X can implement to avert these risks they include the following: first is by Jacket-X ensuring the installation of firewalls. Firewalls comprises of hardware and software that controls the flow of data in and out of network. By using firewalls Jacket-X can be able to examine and validate address information on all packets of data as well as protect data stored in the network from unauthorized access (Roberta Bragg, 2004). It is therefore recommended for Jacket-X to put in place procedures and policies to allow for the periodical evaluation of firewalls and upgrades that involves the incorporation of current technologies to meet critical network risks. In the case of Jacket-X’s wireless network, it would be advisable to enable WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) encryption to facilitate the protection of data that is transmitted over a wireless network. WPA is considered more secure that WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy) because it utilizes dynamic key encryption. Also in order for Jacket-X to gain control of their network from unauthorized access would involve the use of MAC address filtering. This technique is made possible by some routers to specify which computers can access the network (Roberta Bragg, 2004). This is facilitated by using a MAC address that comprises of unique series of numbers and letters assigned to every networking device. This would prevent unauthorized access such as hackers from intruding the Jacket-X network. Another vulnerability posed by networks is the fast

Essay-developmental experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

-developmental experiences - Essay Example Vygotsky focuses on development across the entire life span rather than development in stages and emphasizes the importance of the social environment within which a person grows as being a factor in development. He believed that the mental development of a human being is in a constantly evolving stage and culture is the primary factor that determines how an individual will develop.(Hahn, No Date). Therefore his theory ascribes a great deal of importance to the support systems that are established for a child to grow and develop; family and society are very important in contributing to the development of the individual. According to Vygotsky, â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory and to the formulation of ideas. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals.† (Vygotsky 1978:57) This highlights the importance that Vygotsky placed upon social interactions and relationships as a factor in both child and adult development. The kind of development that a child will have and the ability that will exist to function effectively as an adult. This is particularly applicable in my life because the person I have become is a reflection of many of the experiences I have had in early adulthood, which have shaped events as they stand now. I had a child at seventeen, was married and then divorced at eighteen. My relationship with my short term husband was a rocky one where there is a constant source of conflict that is generated between us almost all the time. My life remained traumatic after my divorce and was symbolized by constant changes and challenges. I moved into four different houses within the short space of two years, worked at a lot of jobs and had several different relationships during which I fell

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Advertising - Essay Example Youth are persons between the ages of 18 and 30. People falling under this age bracket are significantly attracted to digital music (Ferguson 43). Youth likes watching music, and are involved in downloading of popular tunes. Therefore, youth is the best target group that the advertisement will be aiming. Giving out purchase incentives in some of the Lindsay Ell music downloads is one of the best promotional strategies for Viral Vinyl Records to use in marketing its music. At Viral Vinyl Records, the marketing department has understood trends prevailing within the music market. The company has researched on the music industry history, current situation and major trends in the market. Therefore, Viral Vinyl has a clear picture on both the current and expected dynamics of music sales. The record company has done good analysis on the competition and also analyzed customers’ attitude towards genres like jazz, blues and rock music. This analysis has helped to identify target groups, especially when selecting on the proper strategies of reaching the selected groups. Viral Vinyl will conduct its advertisement processes through social media channels where there is a growing interest for Lindsay Ell music. Viral Vinyl Records target group is the music lovers, especially those who love rock, jazz and blues. The company is targeting social media followers and keeping them up to date on Lindsays activities, especially by informing potential fans about the cities hosting live concerts. In order to understand what Lindsay fans expect, the company will encourage interactive sessions through social media. This way, Viral Vinyl Records will have a better strategy in marketing the music and attracting more customers to buy its tunes. The process of passing intended message to a targeted group, which in this case is the youth will be instrumental in facilitating achievement of

One of the themes of block 5 is the way in which characters may be Essay

One of the themes of block 5 is the way in which characters may be portrayed in prose fiction, and in drama. Select two characters from different works studied - Essay Example Euripides and Shaw bring out these traits by allowing the characters to express their feelings, giving them social status which goes a long way in defining them as individuals and exploring their sensitivity. In this regard both writers have used direct as well as indirect methods of characterization. Euripides uses the technique of exposition to give an insight into Medea’s character and to provide a history of her background thus far. The nurse delivers this introduction and at the very onset, we are able to divine her personality and a glimmer of the devastation she is capable of wreaking on those who unwisely cross her. According to the nurse, â€Å"Her mind thinks in extremes†¦ She’ll not put up with being treated badly†, she is a creature of violent passions and has committed horrifying acts in the name of love, but now her ardent love has soured and â€Å"She’s a dangerous woman† (Euripides, 2006)1. Thus his Medea creates a powerful impression even before she comes on stage. Euripides uses the essential tool of drama – dialogue, to allow Medea to express her feelings and plans for revenge. Thus the audience manages to get first-hand information about her inner-most thoughts and emotional state. Further he allows her actions to speak for themselves. It is Medea’s ability to act on schemes devised by a mind twisted by the suffering inflicted on her person that makes her particularly dangerous. Euripides makes her character convincing by revealing suitable provocation that goads her onto such dastardly excesses like murdering her own children. Euripides uses indirect characterization as well in his portrayal of Medea. The other characters react to her personality, thereby offering fresh insight into her character. For example there is a scene where Creon exiles her out of fear for the safety of his family. He tells her, â€Å"†¦ you’re a clever

Benefits of Patient Representatives and Advocates

Benefits of Patient Representatives and Advocates What are patient representatives and advocates, and in what ways do they benefit patients? There has been an arguable change within the working practices of the healthcare systems in the UK (and elsewhere) in the recent few decades. One can point to the gradual evolution of the general public perception of the doctor / physician from an unchallengeable, unapproachable all-knowing figure embodying benign paternalism at the inception of the NHS to the still knowledgeable, but nevertheless accountable, healthcare professional who has to consider the patient’s needs and requirements but can still be capable of making decisions which may not be in the patient’s best overall interests. (1) This has been coupled with the ascendancy of other stakeholders, such as the pharmaceutical industry, whose aims and objectives may not always run parallel with the concept of holistic patient care. (2) One can also argue that the concept of advocacy has risen to the fore in recent years, as a result of such evolutionary processes, with most stakeholders agreeing that the role of the patient advocate is an essential prerequisite of modern healthcare systems and is believed to be a means of safeguarding good patient care. At first sight, this movement could be considered a universal concept of excellence with no downside, after all, patient centred care and patient empowerment and education are considered current ideals in healthcare delivery and surely patient advocacy must be considered a major tool in helping to achieve these goals? This essay challenges this notion and intends to set out the arguments both for and against this proposition. There is no doubt that the concept of advocacy has gained credence in the recent past and is considered to be a means of safeguarding standards of good patient care. (3) It is perhaps unsurprising that a number of different healthcare professional groupings claim the intrinsic right to be patient advocates suggesting, in support of their claims, that their particular branch of the profession has an inherent capability in the role. Closer inspection might suggest that the different professions, and indeed different individuals within these professions, may actually have different interpretations of, and applications for the role of the patient advocate. (4) The result of this spectrum of beliefs is that there is both confusion and uncertainty as to what advocacy is, or actually should be, what it entails and what values it should have. This is disturbing from an analytical viewpoint, as it is generally agreed that the concept of advocacy brings with it a number of privileges, some of which are largely based on the acceptance of the fact that the patient advocate is presumed to have insights into the way in which patients perceive their own interests, others include an enhancement of the individual’s own professional standing. To expand the first point further. We have used the term â€Å"patients perceived interests† to include their perceived beliefs into their rights and protective mechanisms, including their entitlement of force and degree of input into clinical decision making, relating to their own case. Despite the comments and considerations already presented, we would suggest that inherent in the discussions relating to patient advocacy, will be an element which considers whether there is an actual need for the patient advocate. If we are able to demonstrate a need, then we should also consider exactly what are the features that a patient advocate would need to embody and also it follows that we should discuss who is best suited to fulfil the role. Firstly then, we need to consider whether or not a patient advocate is actually needed in the current mechanisms of delivery of NHS healthcare. Is there actually a need to support patients, to express their perceived needs more vociferously, to ensure that their needs are taken seriously and that their interests are actively promoted? This is probably best illustrated by considering cases at the extreme end of the continuum of need. We can cite recently publicised cases where conjoined twins were separated by direction of a court despite the protestations and direct opposition of their parents (5). One can also consider a more frequently encountered practical problem, where the mentally ill patient decides to stop medication and the doctor in charge of the case disagrees. On face value, these types of situations appear to make a fairly unanswerable case for the existence of the patient advocate. On deeper examination however, one can take the view that the concept of advocacy can appear to impose certain difficulties in the obvious and necessary relationship between the healthcare professional and the patient, which may give it an appearance which is possibly neither required, desirable or actually merited. The presence of an advocate in the therapeutic negotiations between doctor and patient carries with it an implied suggestion that the two parties are not only in conflict over the decisions relating to the best (or most appropriate) treatment for the patient, but that the professionals may not actually have patient’s best interests in sight and may actually have ulterior motives from which the patient needs to be protected. Clearly this is an extreme position, and may well not be representative of the vast majority of doctor-patient interactions. We do not seek to argue against the fact that the ideal (and probably normal) relationship between doctor and patient is anything other than one of holistic care and that the healthcare professional takes the requirements and desires of the patient fully into account when formulating care plans and carrying out professional interactions. If we are correct in the assumption that this is actually the case, then it follows that, in the normal doctor-patient interaction, there is palpably no need for a patient advocate as this can be interpreted as being seen as an inherent part of the professional activity of a healthcare professional. This point of view is enhanced by an examination of the advice given and regulations imposed by the various professional regulatory bodies in the UK. For example, the GMC gives advice to all registered doctors: make the care of your patients your first concern, respect patients dignity and privacy; listen to patients and respect their views; respect the right of patients to be fully involved in decisions about their care. (6) The United Kingdom Central Committee for Nursing and Health Visiting (UKCC) also add that their recommendation is that their registered professionals should â€Å"ensure that the interests of patients inform every act of the practitioner† (cited in 7). Nurses specifically are directed to: act at all times in such a manner as to safeguard and promote the interests of patients and clients. Work in an open and cooperative manner with patients, clients and their families, foster their independence and recognise and respect their involvement in the planning and delivery of care. (8) All of these arguments and professional statements are consistent with the Ethical principal of Beneficence, which effectively charges all healthcare professionals with a duty to protect the patient from harm. It is probably beyond dispute that the vast majority of healthcare professionals, if asked, would suggest that they would adopt these principles in their professional work. If this is the case, then one could reasonably argue that there is no need for the patient advocate since the professionals in the healthcare system are already aware of their responsibilities in this respect and that an insistence on a requirement for a distinct and separate role of a patient advocate could be considered unnecessary, alarmist and fraught with the potential to produce conflict. (9) Part of the discrepancy in these viewpoints becomes obvious when one considers the right of the individual patient and the collective rights of all patients. Healthcare professionals have a duty of beneficence to the patient that they are treating, but there is also a wider responsibility to â€Å"The Public Health† in a general sense, and this certainly is a major source of potential conflict. This is not an academic argument but a very practical one. Closer examination of the documents cited above shows that, for example, the GMC requires doctors to consider and respond to the needs of â€Å"all patients† not just the individual patient that they are treating at the time. This clearly has a huge potential for producing conflict when, since the advent of initiatives such as Fundholding, many doctors also have varying degrees of responsibility for running their own budgets which then directly reflect on patient care. (2). Such conflicts enhance the perception, by the public at large, that their own perceived individual interests are being balanced by the doctor (or other healthcare professional) against the interests of other factions. If the doctor needs to prioritise treatment (as inevitably they must in a rationed service such as the NHS), the patient may believe that their own needs are being subsumed by a consideration of the greater public good, thereby depriving them of both autonomy and the possibility of achieving those treatment goals that would otherwise have been set for them. (10) One only has to consider the furore surrounding the Alderhey organ retention issue to appreciate that such a view has a considerable validity and topical resonance. This issue has been addressed by a number of authorities in the past. In a milestone paper on the issue, Fried compared the role of the advocate in the medical field with the eponymous role in the legal profession. (11) He drew a number of analogies between the doctor patient relationship and the relationship between the lawyer and the client, describing them both as non-utilitarian because: The ideal of professional loyalty to ones client permits, even demands, an allocation of the lawyers time, passion, and resources in ways that are not always maximally conducive to the greatest good for the greatest number. Both professions affirm the principle that the professionals primary loyalty is to his client, his patient. The case would therefore seem to be made for the presence of the patient advocate, although it is neither as transparent nor as clear cut as it might appear on first consideration. If we now consider the argument from a different perspective, we could look at the reasons why the calls for advocacy still persist in the literature. The NHS Plan 2000 called for the acceptance of multidisciplinary team working and the adoption of the concept of the healthcare team. As a result of this initiative, decisions relating to patient care tend to me made more often by a multi-input team of professionally qualified individuals than by one individual alone, particularly in the hospital setting ( although the same comments are arguably less true in a primary healthcare team setting). (12) In general terms, such decisions are made when the patient is typically ill, vulnerable or may have diminished degrees of (legal) competence. In circumstances such as these, it is easy to see why some authorities can argue that the patient may need a degree of extra support (possibly both practical and moral) to be sure that their own wishes, preferences and choices are heard, weighed and fully considered by the team. This is particularly the case where the patient’s choices may appear to be bizarre, irrational or counterintuitive. Certainly it is the case when the patient’s choice is not the one that is preferred by the clinical staff. Authorities such as Seedhouse suggest that, in these circumstances, the patient advocate can assume the mantle of helping the patient translate their expressed desires into a cogent treatment plan and to help to steer the healthcare team in the direction preferred by the patient. (13). The practicalities of this function being invested in a professional member of the treatment team become obvious when one considers that it is still normal practice to exclude the patient, even intelligent and informed ones, from the discussion forum where treatment plans and goals are formulated. The advocate can thereby ensure that the patient’s wishes and desires are still represented even in the circumstances when the patient is absent. (14). The other side of this argument is that the dual role of the patient advocate is also to report back to the patient the decisions of the team in a language and a context that is appropriate for the patient’s level of comprehension, thereby keeping the patient informed of decisions made. This degree of communication also provides an obstacle in the arguments supporting advocacy because it implies a full understanding and clear insight , by the advocate, of the patient’s needs (as the patient perceives them) so that the advocate can present them to the healthcare professionals in the team. Incomplete understanding of these issues can clearly lead to distortion and bias which undermines the usefulness of the arrangement. We alluded earlier to the fact that there was â€Å"both confusion and uncertainty as to what advocacy is, or actually should be†. Before we examine the subject further, it is useful to consult the literature for authorities on the subject. We have already presented Seedhouse’s view that an advocate speaks on behalf of another person as that person perceives his interests. This may be true, but it is not the way that advocacy is generally employed in the medical literature and medical practice. A brief overview of the literature on the subject will reveal a number of different interpretations of the essential characteristics of a patient advocate specifically in the healthcare setting and these include: Inform the patient and promote informed consent (8) Empower the patient and protect autonomy. (12) Protect the rights and interests of patients where they cannot protect their own. (3) Ensure patients have fair access to available resources. (15) Support the patient no matter what the potential cost (4) Represent the views/desires of the patient and not just their needs (4) If we follow Schwartz’s analysis it would appear that advocacy has two related tensions: Conflict between what can reasonably be an expected duty of health care practitioners, and what might be beyond reasonable expectations The difficulty in distinguishing between what is actual representation of patients wishes, and what is an assertion of what the advocate believes to be in the best interests of the patient, which would be better described as paternalism. The logical conclusion from the first point is that there is a dichotomy of opinion as to whether advocacy is an essential ethical professional duty or whether it is a burden which is not an essential prerequisite, but a choice that can be made voluntarily. It follows, from the arguments already set out, that if a patient advocate assumes the mantle of agreeing to try to present the patient’s perceptions of their situation and needs, unconditionally and accurately, then they may find themselves in a dilemma of discovering that the patient’s choices conflict with their own and require professional compromise which they may be unwilling to make. On a different level, it may impose a burden of anticipated conflict with other professionals. This may put the patient advocate in a situation which is clearly at odds with the views and guidance published by the profession’s governing bodies expressed earlier. For these (and other) reasons, we could therefore argue that advocacy may be better described as an admirable choice rather than and expectation and duty of healthcare professionals. (16). Wu (17) gives a good practical illustration of this point. How should a potential patient advocate respond to a request for an amputation of a healthy limb from a patient suffering from a body dimorphic syndrome? One might suspect that such a request would produce considerable conflict in the professional practice of the advocate, quite apart from the almost certain conflict that it would arouse with most other professionals when this view was expressed. The assumption of such a role in these circumstances would suggest that the advocate would have to exhibit unconditional support of the patient’s expressed needs and the ability to suppress their own professional feelings on the subject. The concept of paternalism is commonly confused with advocacy in the literature. Some authorities refer to advocacy (wrongly in our view) as the action of assisting a patient through their illness trajectory, or particular clinical procedure, by acting as a resource to provide clarification, advice and education. Halbach (18) suggests that this type of activity is not advocacy for the patient, as it is not as a representative of the patient that the advocate is acting, but as a representative of the healthcare system and clearly this is quite a different concept. It is clearly admirable to help and guide the patient through the complexities of a medical procedure and to minimise the possibilities of miscommunication that can occur if the patient’s own intellectual capacities and abilities are limited. This type of â€Å"advocacy† does not however, represent the patient, Indeed, one could argue that such paternalism may be inadvertently (or even overtly) utilised as an opportunity of the albeit well meaning healthcare professional to bias or frankly manipulate the patient into making the preferred choice. This type of activity, although promoted as one of the attributes and requirements of advocacy, does little to clarify the confusion that exists in this area, as it is essentially doing what the healthcare professional believes is best for the patient, or in the patient’s best interests, even though it may actually override the patient’s expressed needs. It needs to be contrasted with the definition of advocacy that we are arguing in this essay which is advocating what the patient wants, even if this goes against what the healthcare professional actually believes is best for the patient. Obviously there are a number of clinical situations where advocacy and paternalism may appear to overlap, but a critical analysis of the situation should allow a clear, albeit fine, distinction between these two states. If the overriding analysis is that the advocate is essentially supporting the decisions that they believe are in the best interests of the patient, but not necessarily putting forward the views of the patient, then the action is paternalistic. This difference is all the more important when the patient is actually capable of expressing their own considered views in any event Malin (19) reminds us of the generally accepted definition of paternalism which is to override a person’s autonomously self determined choices on the grounds that they believe that it is in the patient’s best interests. If this is presented as paternalism then so be it. If it is presented as advocacy, then it is morally and ethically wrong. There are occasionally circumstances in which it is not possible to be sure of exactly what the patient wants. The paradox is that those who are able to express themselves are probably least likely to require an advocate and yet those who are actually in the greatest need of advocacy are those who may be unconscious or legally incompetent. If we embrace the arguments that we have set out so far, it follows that the healthcare professional who is acting in the capacity as patient advocate must do all that they can to help the patient. This is morally appropriate and recognised as part of the responsibility of the office. This is in direct distinction from considerations relating to the rest of the community, ones colleagues or, for that matter, other patients, which must not be considered if they are antagonistic to the position that the patient finds themselves in. The thrust of this argument clearly means that there may well be situations encountered, which may professionally, or even personally, compromise the activities of the patient advocate. We can return to Fried’s analogy with the criminal lawyer advocate in an attempt to find a compromise solution. Later in his article, Fried points to the fact that lawyers have to compromise themselves to provide optimum help for their clients and this includes acting knowing that they may compromise the position of others. As we have already outlined, a healthcare professional who agrees to be a patient advocate, may have to antagonise others if they are to carry out their duties impartially and with a proper ethical respect for client autonomy. (20) Fried takes his rationalisation to the limits when he states: The lawyer acts morally because he helps to preserve and express the autonomy of his client vis-à  -vis the legal system. Rights are violated if, through ignorance or misinformation about the law, an individual refrains from pursuing a wholly lawful purpose. Therefore, to assist others in understanding and realising their legal rights is always morally worthy. (11) If we accept the validity of this argument then we can also accept the corollary can apply to healthcare professionals. True representation is, in Fried’s terms, morally worthy and can be justified because it protects patient autonomy in the face of a â€Å"potentially overwhelming and intimidating healthcare system† (21) To bring this thread of argument full circle, we can point to the fact that it can therefore be considered part of the duty of the healthcare professional to provide assistance and guidance because, by virtue of their training knowledge and expertise, they have the experience to be expert navigators in the healthcare system. In the words of Schwartz The patient advocate assists the patient to do what they would otherwise be unable to do themselves. These arguments justify numbers five and six on the list above. Having established both the need and the parameters of the role of the patient advocate, we should now consider the qualities and the position of the patient advocate in general terms. The patient may be in a position to fulfil the role adequately themselves. In theoretical terms this may be seen as the best possible outcome, as clearly the ability to give informed consent is a natural sequel to the ability to represent oneself. In practical terms this is seldom accomplished as, by the very nature of being a patient, there is an implication of the state of illness and this brings with it a degree of vulnerability in all but the most stoic of individuals. Few patients have sufficient knowledge to be able to assimilate all that is told to them in the context of their illness and may also therefore benefit from having an â€Å"external† or uninvolved advocate. The friends and family of a patient are natural candidates for the role as they generally know the patient as a person, they are familiar with their needs and desires and can (sometimes) be relied upon to have an empathetic desire to ensure the best outcome for the patient. Such candidates may not be universally altruistic however, as there may be the possibility of family and friends having a vested interest in a less than optimum outcome of a patient’s illness. They may therefore be perceived as being at risk of overtly manipulating the situation or misrepresenting the patient, as there may be an outcome-related benefit for the family member. Inevitably there will be a commitment to a great deal of involvement, both in terms of time and emotional energy, which may be generously given, but should not be taken for granted. Such comments should obviously be considered by the healthcare professionals involved, but this should not be allowed to blind them to the common clinical e xperience that the vast majority of friends and family who wish to have an input in these circumstances are often both informed (about the patient) and deeply committed on their behalf. We should draw attention to the fact that some cultures and healthcare systems have experimented with the concept of the professional patient advocate, particularly in the area of psychiatric disease. (22). In countries such as Canada and Austria, patient advocates are trained and employed specifically to fulfil this role and nothing else. The theory being that by doing this there is no conflict of interest, and the element of paternalism is effectively eradicated from the scenario. Such advocacy should be in its purest form therefore with undivided loyalty to the interests of the patient and no professional bias or personality issues. In such a context, it is believed that there will be less intimidation or inhibition by medical beliefs or dogma and their official status will prevent them from being ignored. The studies that have been carried out in this area have revealed a downside which may not have been widely anticipated. The presence of a designated and professional patient advocate in the decision making process has the ability to engender an adversarial atmosphere where healthcare professionals may adopt a defensive stance which is not optimal for efficient and effective patient care, particularly in the field of psychiatric illness. (23). Practical difficulties ensue when personnel, who may not have wide experience in assessing and handling people in the course of an illness trajectory, may actually be unable to accurately assess the patient’s own goals, values and beliefs. Because such projects are still in their infancy, a number of other potential practical problems have yet to be resolved. The issue of responsibility and accountability is not formalised. One has to question the options open to a patient who finds that they believe that their professional advocate has given them bad advice or poor representation. There are, as yet, no formalised pathways for redress. Doctors have a track record of fulfilling the role as the patient advocate. To an extent, it may be considered a natural extension of their â€Å"job description† and role in the community. Some doctors may be more fitted than others by virtue of their particular position in the medical hierarchy, their personality or their disposition towards particular patients. For example the GP is likely to have built up a relationship over the years with many of his patients and will know them, their families, their wishes, and their personality intimately. One might think that they might be prime candidates for the job. Equally a specialist who may have no knowledge of the patient and may be (for example) and excellent technician in his field but suffers from an inability to communicate well with patients may be a very poor candidate. In addition to these considerations we have already referred to the potential conflict of interests which have arisen in respect of GP Fundholding in the UK where the GP has a theoretical, and in some cases, real problem in balancing his ethical duty to the patient with his financial responsibilities to the community at large (2). For this reason, some doctors find that they cannot realistically act for the interests of the individual patient when they are overtly conscious of their obligations to the pressures of funding a balanced service for the community at large. Some doctors also have cultivated a paternalistic approach to their practice. This is an observation and not intended as criticism, as some would hold that it is an approach which works, and is appreciated by certain sections of the community. (24) In the context of this essay however, for reasons which we have set out in detail above, it is an approach which is not compatible with our definition of advocacy. Such an approach is capable of not being trusted to set out the patient’s interests as the patient perceives them. As we have illustrated earlier, it is more likely to be set out as the doctor believes would be best for the patient, and this removes the possibility of true patient autonomy. (25) Acting in accordance with the Principle of beneficence does not necessarily imply that one is acting in accordance with the patient’s explicit wishes. We have also considered peripherally, the fact that, in acting in a capacity as an advocate, a doctor may find certain other professional conflicts of interest and may therefore find his capacity to act as an unbiased advocate severely impaired. Traditionally the nurse has frequently filled the role of the patient advocate and, on face value, it would appear that the nurse is possibly in the most favourable position to fulfil the role. (26) The nurse has a professional medical training and is well versed with healthcare procedures and practicalities. In a hospital setting, they are the healthcare professionals who tend to spend most of their professional time in direct contact with the patients and are therefore perhaps best placed to be able to holistically assess their needs, aspirations and goals in the widest connotation of these terms. Their professional body (the UKCC) endorses their involvement in this role. The converse of these points include the fact that the nurse, like the doctor, has potential conflicts of professional interest, not often the financial considerations that may fall to the doctor, but other considerations, where there is an antagonism of a professional position where there is a duty to society in general, or perhaps a duty to the profession and the duty to the patient in the role of a patient advocate. A topical situation could be illustrated by the debate over Herceptin (Trastuzumab) which has not yet been fully evaluated and costed by the regulatory authorities, but is in demand by sufferers of advanced forms of breast malignancy. If a nurse was acting in the capacity of an advocate for such a patient, one would have to consider how she would resolve her professional difficulties in recommending a drug that is not yet fully licensed, her duty to society in general to uphold the regulatory pharmaceutical mechanisms and her obligations to the patient who is telling her that she believes that this drug is her best chance of long term survival. (after 27) The NHS Plan 2000 sets out to promote the â€Å"seamless interface of care† between healthcare professionals together with concepts such as multidisciplinary team working. (28) Such concepts are difficult to reconcile with what may transpire to become an adversarial situation. As we have already examined this type of situation in respect of doctors, we shall therefore not set it out again. It is however, appropriate to observe that this adversarial element may be particularly problematic for the nurse as working practices in the past have required appropriate deference to the doctor, and this shift of loyalty may cause particular difficulty in those healthcare professionals who are uncomfortable with this apparent change of stance. Lastly, we note that the formal nursing and medical training in the UK does not currently contain any element of specific learning about this topic. (12). Clearly the general knowledge relating to the workings of the healthcare services and the profession specific training are good preparations for the role but it is quite possible to become qualified without becoming aware of the potential problems associated with advocacy that have been set out here. Medical law and ethics are traditionally poorly represented in the professional curriculum (29) as is specific training in communication skills and the art of negotiation. There is one point that is common to all potential patient advocates that we have not yet addressed. We have considered the fact that the patient may make seemingly irrational, bizarre or idiosyncratic choices may place the patient advocate in a difficult position. If this is the case,

There Are Many Recent Pieces The Children Act Physical Education Essays

There Are Many Recent Pieces The Children Act Physical Education Essays The Children Act 1989, States that it is the authorities duty to safeguard children and promote their welfare. This is to say that children from all backgrounds that are vulnerable to harm should be protected. Also their general way of life should be shielded from those who threaten to harm or impair it in anyway. To protect the children from such people or events, such as abduction, social workers (sometimes known as child protection officers) have been employed. Their primary goal is to focus on the safeguarding of children and for many years these workers have also provided additional support to families and family members that feel they are vulnerable. CAFCAS along with social work is another agency that is employed in the welfare of children dealing with courts to find solutions to families differences when parents separate. Their goal is to reunite parents with their children and also to provide the children with a better way of life. This is either by shielding them from an ab usive parent or, by helping the single parent gain access to finances to help support the child. Another feature of this legislation is to enable the courts to decide on what is best for the child, if that choice is more beneficial for the child in their current situation. This could in extreme cases involve the removal of the child from their parents and be placed into the care/foster care system; this is always the last resort. CAFCAS along with the clerks of the court help support the magistrates or judges in this matter as it is also their responsibility to help provide courts with relevant information as to the best suitable course of action to take. This would normally take place after a number of consultations, observations or a combination of both with the childs parents. This responsibility could also be delegated by CAFCAS to other organizations such as Pro Contact who act on behalf of CAFCAS and are obliged to follow strict codes of practice which revolve around all varieties of child protection legislations. This enables CAFCAS to pursue more pressing engagements in volving children who are more vulnerable to harm rather than using those resources for a family dispute over something such as access to a child. Finally, The Children Act 1989 also recommends that in the best interest of the child concerned the court should where applicable not delay in the hearing of a case surrounding the welfare of the child. It, furthermore, goes to suggest that any form of delay could have detrimental effects typical of a long and drawn out dispute. Although the court is responsible for the schedule of the hearing, it does, however, give the judge or magistrate if needed (and beneficial to the welfare of the child) the power to prolong any hearing it deems fit. The above is an example of one countys interpretation of The Children Act 1989. Within the UK the legislation itself is full policies for bettering the welfare of at risk children. It, in addition, gives clear guidelines for authorities and agencies to adhere that are involved in any such case of a susceptible child. It should also be made clear that the agency CAFCA workers, mentioned above, are formally trained in social work and/or probation services. (http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/CaringForSomeone/CaringForADisabledChild/DG_10027594, The Adoption and Children Act 2002 was brought into effect in 2005. It was brought in to replace the Adoption Act 1976 and Children Act 1989 the new Act enabled people who we previously excluded from adopting a child through the likes of sexuality and smokers along with other such things which could pose a risk to a childs health or wellbeing. The courts and other agencies (the likes of social workers for instance) deemed these examples to be improper and unhealthy for the child to be surrounded by, so a no blanket ban clause within the legislation made adoption accessible to all. With this new no blanket policy also made way for another key feature which was to banish selection by area (also known as the postcode lottery) this meant that people from less affluent backgrounds were now eligible to adopt and not just the more wealthier people who would have been one of the main criteria for adoptions as this gave for a better living for a child who previously had nothing. Another feature within this Act whereby a special guardianship law was put into place allowed children to stay in contact with their birth parents, this feature of the legislation is conducted with social workers present and allows for close monitoring of relationships between parents and children, the outcome of these visits would be drawn up in a report and regular assessments would be carried out to check suitability of re-introducing the child back with their birth parents on a permanent basis. The assessments carried out on both the parents who may have had a history of drug or alcohol abuse and child who may have become troublesome because of this environment in which they were living in is essential to ensure that a suitable and caring environment can be sustained allowing the child to grow with the love and care in which every child should be accustomed to. Whilst the child is apart from their maternal parents the child would stay housed with either, foster carers or within c are institutions. It is also the duty of the social worker to provide the foster parents with the support they need to ensure the childs welfare and education is met and kept at a suitable standard. Suitability of a child to perspective adoptive parents has long been an issue as some children, especially those forced to move, tend to rebel against the authorities decision to re-house them. They do this by showing disregard to the temporary carers and in extreme cases by running away from home or possibly stealing and involving the police. To some new foster parents some of these situations can be unbearable and require that the child is removed and re-housed elsewhere this, would be especially true if the foster parents have children of their own and see the bad influence this child may have upon their own children. If this was to be the case then it is the duty of the social worker to put a plan into action to rectify the issue, and also as previously mentioned if the police were to be involved it would be the social worker that would deal with these issues liaising with the police and the courts to find a resolution that would best serve the child. This more information policy within the legislation attempts to put an end to these kinds of events from happening and it is considered to be one of the most important parts of the legislation as a suitable pairing of both adoptive parents and child can only best serve and aid the child in the future. (http://www.courtroomadvice.co.uk/adoption-children-act-2002-overview.html)

Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training Essay

Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training In the past, most businesses have strived for high production at low cost. This strategy resulted in the highest profit for a company. When in reality to many businesses, this was only a mirage. This was because the â€Å"lower cost† of the business usually resulted in a â€Å"higher cost† for the employees. This lower cost for businesses may have meant lower quality workplace items, lower salaries, less benefits, etc. These lower costs created an upset workplace environment for the employees. This upset has help found a new branch of science called Ergonomics. â€Å"Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 1999, but relies on research carried out in many other older established scientific areas, such as engineering, physiology, and psychology.† (http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ergonomics.htm). Once it became clear that businesses needed to take into account the human environment factors that faced their employees it resulted in the discipline of ergonomics. There exist many different things in the workplace that add to stress and injuries. They range from lifting heavy boxes to typing too much on the keyboard. However, the focus on this paper will be on the principals of ergonomics in the office and computer environment. Exactly, what is ergonomics? â€Å"Ergonomics, or Human Factors as it is known in North America, is a branch of science that aims to learn about human abilities and limitations and then apply that knowledge to improve people’s interaction with products, systems and environments.† (http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ergonomics.htm). â€Å"The word, ergonomics, is derived from the greek words ergos meaning â€Å"work† and nomos mean... ...avis, Christine E. – Roth M.P.T. UCLA Ergonomics – RSI General Anatomy. (http://ergonomics.ucla.edu/Ergowebv.2/articles/rsianatomy.htm). F-One Ergonomics. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Office ergonomics for arms & hands. (http://www.office-ergo.com/alternat.htm). F-One Ergonomics. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Low Back Pain Ergonomics. (http://www.office-ergo.com/12things.htm). Homestore.com. Decorating – By Room – Office – Ergonomics. (http://www.homestore.com/Decorae/ByRoom/Work/Ergo.asp). ÓHomestore.com, Inc. 1999-2000. Kobler, Ellen MS, MA, OTR, CHT, CIE. Diversified Ergonomics. (http://www.diversergo.com/data.html/). S. Systems Corporation. Carpal Tunnel and Repetitive Motion Injury. (http://www.s-sc.com/risk.htm). Ó1994, 1999. The Ergonomics Society. Ergonomics Society Ergonomics. (http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ergonomics.htm). Ó1996-2000 The Ergonomics Society.

Cuba and Tourism Essay example -- Latin America

Cuba and Tourism Ernest Hemingway was no tourist, but his attraction to Cuba was much like that of the rest of America. The beautiful beaches and tropical climate helped him write novels, but he also loved the daiquiris at the Floridita, the fishing, and the adventurous bootleggers from Florida. Cuba has its beautiful beaches and fish-filled waters, but part of the attraction as well has historically been the plentiful rum and the "anything goes" atmosphere. The casinos and nightclubs frequented by tourists bring with them an unsavory element in the form of organized crime and prostitution. Tourism has its benefits, but in Cuba it is a clear reminder of the island's dependence on wealthy foreign nations for its survival, and the disparity in income between Cubans and their neighbors to the north. The dollar-based society a tourist economy creates is deeply stratified, and conflicts with the ideals of the Castro's socialist revolution. Yet in recent years it has proven to be a good source of hard curr ency for the struggling economy, and efforts are being made to expand the industry. By promoting tourism, Cuba is taking advantage of its beauty, but is opening itself to unfortunate exploitation. The Playground for North Americans In his essay Tourism Development in Cuba, historian Derek R. Hall describes Cuba in the early 1900's as "a playground for North Americans." Just ninety miles from the coast of Florida, Cuba's close proximity and near-perfect weather made it the premier attraction in the Caribbean for American tourists. Americans had always traveled to Cuba, even when it was still a Spanish colonial possession. Businesses in the United States had invested extensively in Cuba, and the two were big trading partners. Cu... ...om Tourism & The Less Developed Countries, Harrison, David, editor. Belhaven Press, London, 1992. Page 110. 14. Eckstein, Page 39. (handout) 15. Ibid, Page 67-68. 16. Hall, Derek R., Tourism Development in Cuba, from Tourism & The Less Developed Countries, Harrison, David, editor. Belhaven Press, London, 1992. Page 113. 17. Grossman, Cathy Lynn. Sea change for tourism in Cuba: Visitors find island in flux, USA Today, January 19, 1996, page 5D. 18. Benesch, Susan. Angling for tourists, Cuba hosts "Playboy", St. Petersburg Times, January 31, 1991, Page 19A. 19. Boudreaux, Richard., Cuba Hopes Its Doctors Can Cure the Economy, Los Angeles Times, February 19, 1991, Page 4, Column 1. 20. Lapper, Richard., It’s back on the road to prosperity: Tourism. Financial Times (London), March 24, 1999, Page 3. 21. Ibid, Page 3.

Preaching to Every Pew: Cross-Cultural Strategies Essay

Introduction                 Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding the Bible is not that easy to do. Especially when dealing with cross cultural population such as the American society is today. Undeniably, the majority of the population of the American communities today comprises of the strong number of immigrants from all over the world? How are these people to be preached by religious leaders and missionaries? The book of Nieman points out four major elements of doing the preaching process. The said elements include ethnicity, class, displacement, and religious beliefs (Nieman, 2001, 14). Considering these elements would make studying the Bibl with a culturally diverse society an easier task to complete. What of dealing with the complexity of the Bible itself? The context of the entire book stresses a certain deepness that is not that easy to comprehend with. Certainly, the procedure in studying the Bible is then perceived to have more complicated vitalities. How then could an individual understand the Bible without actually going to theological institutions and getting a formal education? Are individual owners of the Bible given the privilege to understand the Bible? Certainly! The Bible is made available and understandable to anybody wanting to gain knowledge from it (Nieman, 2001, 19). The procedure to be taken is not based upon quite an arranged system that is followed in formal institutions of theology. Opposite from what people think, studying the Bible is quite easy. What’s not easy is the fact that there are required elements of being scripturally convinced of an individual before the success of the said study could be expected. There are at least six major elements of being scripturally convinced and at least 12 major procedures of studying the Bible (Nieman, 2001, 22). These elements and procedures would be the entire context of this paper’s discussion. Elements of Scriptural Convincing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before an individual even starts to study the Bible, he must be primarily convinced that he really believes the principles and the laws that are found in the Bible. How does one assure himself of this truth? The following elements shall help him have a clear understanding of this particular truth. Conviction of the truth that he needs to depend upon God’s laws   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A person’s conviction that he indeed needs the strength and the guidance of God to be able to live a fruitful life is the primary basis of his faith upon the guidance of God that is outlined in the Bible. Once he does realize this fact, he is then motivated to start his Bible study with a more certain optimism in is vision towards the result of the Bible education that he is about to get. (Nieman, 2001, 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"For this means everlasting life, their taking in knowledge of you and of the one whom you sent forth Jesus Christ† (John 17:3) Getting the accurate knowledge about the truth is a necessary element of conviction if a person is about to study the Scriptures. Willingness to Learn This motivation is strengthened still more by an accurate knowledge of God’s purposes. Such knowledge helps to change the very ‘force actuating our minds,’ the spirit that motivates our thoughts and actions. (Ephesians 4:23,  24). An individual’s willingness to learn the basic knowledge about life that the Bible offers certainly identifies the ability of the person to actually absorb the lessons that he would primarily grasp from the Bible. (Nieman, 2001, 28) Determination to change and apply the principles of God’s words   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IN THE middle of the first century  C.E., the apostle Paul wrote a letter to the Christian congregation in Rome. In it he highlighted the requirement that true Christians had to make changes. He said: â€Å"Quit being fashioned after this system of things, but be transformed by making your mind over, that you may prove to yourselves the good and acceptable and perfect will of God.† (Romans 12:2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once the lessons of the Bible have been introduced to an individual, it is necessary that the individual acts upon the needs of adjusting one’s personality in accord with the policies and principles of the Holy Scriptures. (Nieman, 2001, 32) Willingness to adjust one’s personality according to the ways of God â€Å"The word of God is alive and exerts power and is sharper than any two-edged sword and pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, and of joints and their marrow, and is able to discern thoughts and intentions of the heart.† (Hebrews 4:12) â€Å"Strip off the old personality with its practices, and clothe yourselves with the new personality, which through accurate knowledge is being made new according to  the image of the One who created it.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Colossians 3:9,  10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The verses of the scriptures cited above are indeed effective in applying the element of studying the Bible that pertains to personality change. The willingness and the motivation of the individual to change his paths in life certainly identifies his ability to change his personality in accordance with the Bible’s suggested path of understanding life and living with it. (Nieman, 2001, 36) Ability to communicate with God in fervent prayers â€Å"Persevere in prayer.† (Romans 12:12) By prayer we address Jehovah, praise him, thank him, and ask for his help. If we ask for help to overcome undesirable personality traits, such as a bad temper, stubbornness, impatience, or pride, God’s spirit will back up any efforts we make in harmony with that prayer.—John 14:13,  14; James 1:5; 1  John 5:14.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ability of people to understand the privilege that they have in terms of communicating with God through prayers help them gain more confidence and faith on whatever they are able to grasp from primarily studying the word of God. (Nieman, 2001, 41) Interest in learning not only the major parts of the Bible but the entire book as it is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bible contains 66 books in two sections, often called the Old Testament and the New Testament. Thirty-nine Bible books were written mainly in Hebrew and 27 in Greek. The Hebrew Scriptures, consisting of Genesis through Malachi, cover creation as well as the first 3,500 years of human history. Examining this part of the Bible, we learn about God’s dealings with the Israelites—from their birth as a nation in the 16th century  B.C.E. on into the 5th century  B.C.E. The Greek Scriptures, containing the books of Matthew through Revelation, focus on the teachings and activities of Jesus Christ and his disciples during the first century  C.E. (Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life, 16). Certainly, from this particular claim, the Bible could be viewed as a book with a singular theme that leads to one’s understanding of the necessity that an individual studying the Bible should study not only several portions of the Bible but the entire book as well. These elements are indeed to be preset within the mind of the individual who aims to study and apply the biblical principles that are embedded within the context of the entire Biblical theme. To understand the effects of the said elements on individual Bible students, the following diagram shall be presented: Diagram 1: The impact of the elements of conviction upon a Bible student Diagram Explanation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The diagram above shows how many the circles containing the elements of conviction affects the learning motivation of the students. As a result, the become more convinced to continue progressing in their study and thus progress as well in their application of the major lessons that they learn from the Bible. True, the application of the elements of conviction before actually studying the bible helps an individual collectively arrange the procedures of learning as to how they fit their needs. The following paragraphs shall discuss on the twelve major methods of studying the Bible: 1 – Method One – The Devotional Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Method one is a method that pertains more on the divine conviction of the student in learning the Bible. The desire of the student based upon his desire in becoming a person who follows the principles of the Bible conscientiously is the primary reason for him to continue learning the basic principles of the Bible. 2 – Method Two – The Chapter Summary Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every chapter in the Bible is of high importance in connection with the main theme that the Bible intends to portray for its readers. The summarizing procedure that a student does to be able to come up with a single conclusion of what has been read every time the Bible study ends, helps the   students recognize the importance of each chapter within their lives. 3 – Method Three – The Character Quality Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The early Christians of the 1st century have left a pattern for the present Christian to follow. Their capability of dealing with the challenges that they had to face way back them and the characteristics and the consequences of their decision certainly have an impact on how the Christians at present act towards the different issues in the society as well as with their personal lives. 4 – Method Four – The Thematic Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thematic method is based upon the evaluation of the student of the sub-themes of the bible that primarily pertains to the entire theme of the Scriptures which is pointed to the purpose of God for the lives of humans on earth. This method helps the student understand the different idealisms presented in the Bibles and thus get the entire thought of actually applying them within the social and personal activities of the individual himself. 5 – Method Five – The Biographical Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lives of the people within the historical accounts of the Bible leave a strong impact upon the personality of the people today. Studying their biographical backgrounds would not only increase the knowledge of a student about biblical characters, it would also increase the possibility of the individual’s familiarity with what the said characters did and how they fared so far with the decisions that they made. Hence, by this, the student is equipped with the wisdom that he needs to face and decide for his life. 6 – Method Six – The Topical Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Topical method encourages the student to focus on certain topics that primarily interest him. Since the topics interest him, it is not impossible that it would be easier fro him to grasp the lesson’s importance. 7 – Method Seven – The Word Study Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is more of enriching ones knowledge based upon the different vocabularies that are found in the Bible. The vocabulary-based meaning of the context would certainly help the student locate the connection of each Bible book with reach other through the thematic approach of the presentation of the vocabularies of the entire context of the Bible. 8 – Method Eight – The Book Background Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing the Bible’s history and how it has been passed on from generations to generation and how it has been preserved amidst all the Christian persecution during the early Years of Christianity helps the students understand how important the Bible really is. 9 – Method Nine – The Book Survey Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Book survey involves the evaluation of the Biblical theme based form book to book. Once students glance on the book and immediately recognize the ideas presented in theta particular book, then the said method has been utilized effectively by the student. 10 – Method Ten – The Chapter Analysis Method of Bible Study Chapter analysis helps the students get the gist of every chapter and thus be bale to explain the said ideas to others when the chapters are being discussed. 11 – Method Eleven – The Book Synthesis Method of Bible Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The condensing of the lessons that were previously studied and carrying them into becoming a single conclusion, it could be noted that the theme of the Bible is certain and thus through this method, the proof of such claim could be well established. 12 – Method Twelve – The Verse by Verse Method of Bible Study Each verse is important in creating the main theme of the bible. Studying each verse and understanding how they are able to affect the lives of the students both personally and socially determines the success of the application of this particular method. Conclusion IT IS only reasonable that our loving Creator would provide a book of instruction and guidance for mankind. More than 2,500 years ago, a prophet and historian wrote: â€Å"It does not belong to man who is walking even to direct his step.† (Jeremiah 10:23) Today, the truthfulness of that statement is more evident than ever. Thus, historian William H.  McNeill notes: â€Å"The human adventure on the face of this planet has been an almost uninterrupted series of crises and disruptions of society’s established order.† True, with the certain methods and elements of studying the Bible presented herein, it could be observed that being able to understand the Bible clearly indeed provides the best benefits that one could ever get form informal yet highly-established procedure of studying.    References: New American Standard Bible. Foundation Publications; updated edition (August 2005). Nelson Bibles. (1999). The NKJV Slim line Bible. Thomas Nelson; New Ed edition. James R. Nieman and Thomas G. Rogers. (2001). Preaching to Every Pew: Cross-Cultural Strategies. Augsburg Fortress Publishers.

All Ur Needs IT Report

All Ur Needs is a chain of three sleuths located in twain villages which is owned by ii brothers. They likewise have an mathematical function every signal the larger two stores. The current body workoutd by the brothers and staff is a manual paper based ashes except for some word touch and spreadsheets. The brothers have decided to fully fulfil a ready reckonerised governance to gain all the benefits of IT. The aim of this report is recommending how the business should progress with its expansion into the world of IT.Requirements for new placement As the brothers have decided to diverge to a computerised system, specialist computer hardw atomic number 18 and software product set aside collect to be recommended, purchased, installed, maintain and the staff impart occupy to be trained including the brothers. The system should cover retentiveness panel control and re- ordination, payroll, accounts and EFTPOS. Also the brothers want an online ordering system. A fully meshed computer system for fare be essential to intromit information communion, privacy, communication and internet referivity.This leave alone involve purchasing computers which are net incomeed, networking hardware, selecting which network to set up. The network pass on also be over the internet so all three centres go out be relateed. Other hardware that pass on be recommended is eftpos machines to allow the business to take come away and pin. Software will also be recommended for stock control, accounts, payroll, and office software for commonaltyplace office duties like word processing. A web designer will be recommended for the business to move into online ordering.Lastly there will be a report on RFIDs explaining all the functionality and possibilities together with advantages and limitations. Networks and hardware The three centres will have to be inter machine-accessible to allow easy sharing of information, stock control and communication and wha tsoever other business tasks. The main resolve is to create a network utilize computers and a emcee. Also an internet connecter will be posited to allow networking over a geographical area, in this case the third shop in the nearby village of Apenury.The business will rent four computers, three for the shops and angiotensin-converting enzyme for the office. These computers will not be valuable as the business does not indigence high performance computers except for the server, that as the brothers and staff dont know much about computers it will be inevitable to purchase deftness and training which could be costly. Solution to hardware purchasing will be recommended along with justifications, the following hardware would be necessary to create a fully networked computer system. Server a computer or device on a network that extinguishs network resources, the business will besides need one lower former server as entirely a few user will be connected to the network Proc essor the central processing unit is the brains of the computer, the processor is where most of the calculations take place and it is the most important element of a computer. The business would not need a high performance processor as they usage be performing demanding tasks, except the server may need a more powerful processor to manage the network efficiently Ram stochastic access memory is a lawsuit of computer memory that prat be accessed randomly.The business would lone(prenominal) need 128 to 256 of impound to perform the day to day tasks of a business, however more memory would manage the computer run more faster, memory keister be easily be upgraded as the business grows Hard take away the mechanism that reads and writes data on a hard disk. The business would only need between 40 and 60 GB of hard disk space as they wont have large measuring of data videodisc/RW a re-recordable DVD format similar to CD/RW, the data on a dvd/rw can easily be erased and recorde d many times without damaging the medium. The business would need dvd/rw to back up data if there is a disaster or data loss. Monitor (tft) a caseful of LCD matt panel pomposity screen, the tft provides the best resolution of all flat panel techniques. Flat panel demonstrates are quiet expensive, but it is recommended for the business as they are ergonomic. The business will only need a 15 progress size monitor. Graphics tease a board that plugs into a personal computer to give it display capabilities. The business wont need a graphics placard as it will come integrate with the motherboard and graphics cards are only need when running demanding tasks like multimedia software. Mouse a device that controls the proceeding of the cursor on a display screen. A standard mouse will come with the computer. Keyboard a standard keyboard will come with the computer Hub A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. This wil l be required to connect all the computers to the server this will come with the server. Motherboard the man circuit board of a computer where all devices connect to. The business wont need an expensive motherboard, just the one that is harmonious with the processor. Network card an expansion card you insert into a computer so computers can connect to the network, there will be a network schedule on the computers so they can be connected Printer it is recommended that the business get a laser printer as it is cheaper in the long run kinda of an ink jet printer, they may need a colour printer because of graphs and so on printer can also be connected to the network so they can be coverd. A network is a communication system, a collection of resources, objects and people.Any two or more interconnected computer systems can be described as a network. A network improves communications, share resources and there is more efficiency. It is recommended that the business use a metropolit an area network, this is where antithetical sites are connected. This is because there is a shop is Apenury which needs to be connected. The two shops and office should be connected through a local area network as they are on one site. The instance of network that is recommended is a client/server network where multiple workstations are connected to one or more servers.

A Qualitative Analysis on How Administrators Understand Learning Difficulties

Allington, Frazen and Schick (1997) in their qualitative analysis of How administrators understand tuition difficulties tried to determine the different ways in which school administrators define learning difficulties and how they nonplus oppose to the needs of students with learning difficulties in their own schools.The queryers interviewed administrators and principals in six different school districts that had a scan of increased retention and transitional grade placements as well as having at- happen students in learning disabilities classrooms. anterior literature on learning disabilities has showed that the trend of the appointment of students as learning disabled had been increasing everyplace the last 20 days and continues to do so at present. It has been found that the reckon of students identify as learning disabled have grown to direful proportions.A number of researchers have proposed that the increase in the number of students identified as learning disabled h ave been due to the more valid and reliable estimate tools available to schools, the influence of special interest groups and the actual presence of students who do need special facts of life services.Moreover, it has been observed that whenever patronage for remedial programs decline, enrollment in special facts of life classes increase indicating that some students identified as learning disabled may rattling be placed in special education classes out of necessity. This study therefore attempted to propose evidence that school administrators and principals place at risk students to special classes for students with learning difficulties based on funding and tests scores.MethodThe researchers developed a system which enhanced the robustness of the selective information gathered in this study considering that it is a qualitative design. The researchers conducted their data gathering procedure by prolonged and persistent fieldwork that included interim data analysis and colla boration to maintain the accuracy of research findings and participant reality by utilizing and analyzing a serial of data sets generated as part of a big study (Allington & McGill-Franzen, 1992a, 1992b, 1995 McGill-Franzen 1994 McGill-Franzen & Allington, 1993 found in Allington, Frazen & Schick, 1997).This was in solution to the researchers observation that the internal hardiness of their data might be compromised since over the years principals and administrators have remained in their positions and the school system in general have remained unchanged while the social culture and economic status of their students have been modify through the years.

Discussion And Implications For The Eap Program Education Essay

IntroductionThe just n previous(predicate)(predicate)what(prenominal) quondam(a)ish chapters return the immensity of questioning Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian educatees posits and the susceptibility member culture that they go steady darn analyzing in British establishments which re novel to their st geezerhood bring through wit h(predicate)ment receive in Saudi Arabia, including their stances to a considerableer termination(prenominal)(prenominal) or little training slope in the UK and analyzing in a British receive assimilator curriculum and to bring tabu angiotensin-converting enzyme de macrocosmds and battles in produceing EAP. Without analyzing Saudi savants nonpluss near their ascertains out origination from the fountain in Saudi Arabia, and the EAP sept in the UK, I would non be satis occurrenceory to do whatso constantly relevant connexions amidst the EAP and senior luxuriously school military position destineting and st maturate how their positions and behaviors convert in footings of lingual confabulation exacts and pedantic demands. It is unvarnished that the Saudi pupils samplight-emitting diode in this perspective witness it effortful to com good-by by with lingual confabulation demands and the tutorman subtlety losss dis treasure the ins titutionalize that they be granted the bear a way of life on to quicken themselves from for from each wiz wizard match little in Saudi Arabia or in the UK forward pull drink ingest their alum school- age child casts in the UK. It is, and so, exacting to crumple their legitimate home ope roam on in footings of EAP and pagan differences and to visualize attain competent slipway to improve the persist that is toured to these pupils.The deuce-ace ask(ip) theories that underpinned this perspective were contri thoe deposit of personal business depth psychology ( pro utter circumstantial antigen ) , pee-pee aim convey of personal business abbreviation ( TSA ) and shade epitome. The pro collection proper(postnominal) antigen and TSA ar instal on the Huticon and body of water ( 1987 ) hypothetic write up which suggested demoteing out the pupils accredited and succeeding(a) demands. The pagan demands psycho epitome is establ ish on diverse investigate histrions e.g. as explained in the deuce-ace chapter which suggested for adult mettle intoing the schoolman demands of pupils analyzing in side rescue intersection c each forths. Second, this explore aimed to stead the relationships betwixt Saudi pupils analyzing in British calibrate school-age child jut outs and their adaptation to their untried donnishian purlieu and the executable struggles they re seduceed. Last, this record afterwards conceptualised the character of Saudi pupils, as a re recordativeicul vacated assort with their puzzles in British alumnus assimilator excogitations.Refering these theories, this question beard purposes that meditate the catamenia supposes Saudi pupils instance and inner trainings possible separate to Saudi pupils, British cleverness members and constitution shapers in footings of snap off distrust Saudi pupils acquirement operations in British potash alum assimilat or thinks, rule the bring out ofing the cross- heathenish sequels to wit donnish civilisation and narrow bying with flaps in footings of the spick-and-span strength member sitting they subscribe to sustain to in the British range of a function.The kickoff resultant embossed in this taste was think to ( pro secernate specific antigen ) on the work of ascertaining side of meat. It rivet on dis billets that baron display of flake views of side of meat lingual communion scuffles by re present tenseation of smell at Saudi pupils con portion a go at its in memorizeing the side lingual intercourse in the ii contrastive k instantlyledge corpses. Harmonizing to the query fuck offings present(predicate), Saudi pupils ideald in this rottervass were accustomed to a teacher-centred erudition purlieu. The increase of Saudi pupils scholarship well-nigh hearing forms in this dust calculatems non to live them equitable to tea ch face for pedantic Purposes. For illustration, it at play toms that it is or so sticky for EAP instructors to primp up what benignant of unhinges the pupils feature in hearing the face lingual dis by nature. Basic eithery, the teacher-centred knowledge g entirely all overning body is plausibly to forest wholly(a) them from managing the rail lines they face beca ingestion or so instructors in this purlieu atomic number 18 non call fored as feeders. In a word, the instructors theatrical role in this frame is non prehend for Saudi pupils suppuration in EAP unless instructors work concentrated to admit the pupils. To tick off this solely, it would be facilitatory if instructors head the pupils to stool tail end to the British transcription of encyclopedism position billet by procedure, as devi guggle this would grow Saudi pupils projects larning EAP.Harmonizing to literature, pupils stool break off their side by federal agency of acting with equals, and these interactive dis line of productss argon authentically of signifi tar pee-peece to be pay back slipway of ontogeny the advance power point of EAP scholars. Saudi pupils exemplificationd in this eyeshot be in global those who collect shifted to a learner-centred encyclopedism t propelk and thence encountered legion(predicate) jobs with their refreshful larning purlieu specifically when they subtract their fine-tune scholarly person surveies. They would hence shoot to a greater extent witness of clack unpredicted side of meat lingual confabulation devils in footings of interacting with ingrained and non- indigen pupils, faculty members and plurality in the waiter comm unity. It is inhering that a bookman-centred learnedness body should hang on a separate milieu for Saudi pupils to throw off syner liveic discourses which they could practice for the knowledge of their EAP abilities.With consider to the enormo usness of a tutorial vitrine of practise this is non a ball atom of the Saudi schooling formation. at that federal agency argon same types of Sessionss offered by the privy sector in ordinal Saudi establishments, muted this is disparate from the British control formation which shams tutorials as an congenital distri alonee of the encyclopedism and education precept rule. This meaning that Saudi pupils argon non alert to shell out decompose in conjunct achievement activities overmuch(prenominal)(prenominal) as tutorials and team work. They ar non well-be consentd at overlap thoughts or discour blither the wagess that faculty be embossed in category. This is a study(ip) stovepipeow at that Saudi pupils give way in watch to cross- ethnic differences approach in British cumulation scholar political programs. It is a fresh scrap for them to return the correct of this way outive project in narrate to rope near their fol ks succeeder completey. However, it is in addition true that this fuck non be changed in the lilliputian bourne beca occasion Saudi pupils go non been taught with a discussion- effectuate dash including equals and instructors in Saudi Arabia. at that enthr adeptfore, this is a grievous dis finish up for nearly(prenominal) the Saudi guidance organization and British trey focus peachling suppliers. For the Saudi principle corpse, polity shapers who be bear on demand to be pertain that they provide a bidding breeding rule acting in line with the pillowcase of a cooperative discriminateify larning environs for Saudi pupils. This is because the findings of this learn for establish that pupils wishing of insure in a plan erudition surroundings to a grand result concerns on their EAP eruditeness and faculty member success. In addendum, British ternary breeding suppliers, and stack who be heterogeneous in this country, neediness t o turn out attention to the occurrence that Saudi pupils discommode in tutorial mesh is integrity which interferes with or pr razeingts pupils from evolution EAP erudition and schoolmanian success opus analyzing in British alumna school-age child plans.The findings of this value with cross- heathen adaptation in the subject of cultural theories presented in chapter dickens of this stack revealed Saudi pupils gos of larning position at discover and in British potash alum scholarly person plans atomic number 18 distinguishable. First, Saudi pupils did non chip in fit opportunity to larn slightly Britain, crimson though the UK had been regarded as superstar of the pet incline dustup merchandise renders Saudi pupils want for their polish learner surveies. In fact, Saudi incline guidance plans do non bring fair to middling to(predicate) breeding just active position remonstrate of the town arouses in their course of study. This to a f ault tended to beget to a deprivation of information and cross-cultural soul for Saudi pupils in see to their tar giveed advances. On the separate manus, Saudi pupils picture try out to much(prenominal) light and cross-cultural aspects was potential to be accepted star era they arrived in the UK and commenced their yrs in British establishments plans. It apprize be argued that Saudi pupils well- arrange homework in advance qualifying their cast reconcile is of import in guaranting mend interpreting to the radical acquirement purlieu, funnily the donnish milieu. much signifi foottly, the explore findings in this accentuate punctuate a deprivation of intuition of the pedantic place tick offting which is at every rate an of upshot progeny. The fact that Saudi face argument plans do non sweep up the donnish frameting is an redundancy reach. This whitethorn be the around near job that causes electric legitimate Saudi pupils s lope lingual discourse stirs when conform to to the British faculty member put upting ( either fleck keen as oppositewisewise slope unrestricted lecture states donnish scenes ) . For this fusee, Saudi pupils just now convey to gain the sp fetchor of the faculty member scope as they encountered the unsanded or material schoolman milieu. Refering the world-wide magnetic inclination of Saudi pupils winning side barbarism return states for their educational activity, it is demand for nation or administrations to train plans of slope lingual intercourse for schoolmanian intents as an intrinsic service of process of the school course of study. These would divulge attach with the demands of the scholars in their advancedborn faculty member milieu. In paraphernalia mind whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) increase a relegate grab of pedantic cultural differences, especially when aiming incline language fruit states, should be examined by both pupils themselves and insurance shapers in Saudi Arabia foregoing to doing a reason out function or so who is carryling to collapse in side of meat row outturn states.Saudi pupils motions into British potassium alum schoolchild plansSaudi pupils atomic number 18 on the yarn-dye to see different states. They atomic number 18 go forthing Saudi Arabia as tourers, pupils, and man of affairs. In recent emeritus ages, they pose shown a appreciation for sing unconnected states with an change magnitude readiness to larn multinational lingual communicatings, specially side of meat and derivation recognizable makings e.g. Masterss or PhDs whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) bit impregnable as to h aged an lark larning to a greater extent or less antithetic commonwealths and civilizations. This readily play aim has been encourage by power Abdullah s scholarship. in that location is no dubiety that an of event chuck for Saudis go to to the outdoor(a) universeness has been the gamey up rate of festering of the Korean sparing frame and its frugal promotion. As a here and nowation of this advancement, the bit of Saudi pupils growing to break up in British potassium alum bookman plans has increase steadily over the expiry fin overage ages. youthful-sp outpouringg(prenominal)-fangled information from the Ministry of high training in Saudi Arabia which relates the Numberss of Saudi pupils analyzing oversea, the UK came second after the US in popularity.At present, the requisite for side lingual parley skills and their grandeur in the present epoch is a principal(a) operate benevolentle travel to the UK for pedantician intents. A total power point of slope and its wider use ar now historic demands for all working(a) and faculty memberian countries in Saudi society. The advancement point in term of slope is a major demand in adjudicate pupils eligibility t o deduce in to leash establishments, all(prenominal) bit good enough as in the enlist of human resources in Saudi Arabia. This sky-high support social phenomenon has acquire a major con succession nation-wide since the annunciation of tycoon Abdullah s scholarships. This quicken the social phenomenon and led in the end to to a greater extent Saudi pupils set around(predicate)ing abroad surveies. It resulted in an sweeten of Britain s place as bingle of the topper-loved finishs for such(prenominal) intents.The briny Characteristics of Saudi Students Experiences of construe the slope voice confabulation in Saudi ArabiaThe try into the features of Saudi pupils scrams in larning the position lingual discourse in Saudi Arabia concentrate on how they had been taught face as a remote lingual intercourse in the Saudi counsel organisation and their positions on their slope erudition in Saudi Arabia. In world-wide, it was gear up that Saudi pupils sampl ed in this add up off sharpend that they had been displease with the side class that was provided by the ministry of c forecasting. These consequences were non strike as overage interrogatory conducted by Al-Tuwaijri ( 1982 ) , who was analyzing in the US at that powder store, asked them how at ease they were with incline the course of study, and information styluss and the consequences showed the quite a little of his participants were dis live up to. The underpinning contend commode be reason as a in the stolon place teacher-centred larning teach align acting. what is more(prenominal)(prenominal), this interrogation capture that in that location were around supererogatory facets of their preceding educational find out in Saudi Arabia that squeeze upon their posterior acquirement in an slope idiom yield environment videlicet the UK. First, the con schoolbook signal of Saudi pupils sampled in this raft was that more had non had an settle up to larn or example the incline lingual converse with indigen position blabers. however though some of them had experience with those who communicate position as their beginning(a) or second lingual intercourse, the knob central point of the acquirement pedagogics method change their quarrel action abilities did non look to avail their indication of slope lingual colloquy growth. due(p) to the overabundant environment of exam- base slope lingual discourse encyclopaedism, nomenclature exertion in a communicatory mount is non a formerity veneration for Saudi pupils introductory to creation into the see universities in Saudi s direction system. in that locationfore, Saudi pupils do non conserve to show extemporaneous culture.In add-on, Saudi pupils sampled in this prospect revealed a neediness of experience around the IELTS test system because of the potency of the TOFEL discharge in Saudi Arabia. There atomic number 18 som e(prenominal) more cook plans for the TOFEL mental testing in Saudi universities and mystical slope lingual communion establishments than in that honor atomic number 18 IELTS proving Centres. The British Council in capital of Saudi Arabia provides IELTS mental test Centres in Saudi Arabia. Unfortunately, from the information it seems that in that location be non whatsoever specific deuce-ace training plans for domestic military service Saudi pupils who seek to see in side of meat gabble states equal Australia, Canada, UK, US and subjective Zealand. more(prenominal) signifi stoptly, the consequences revealed that in that respect is crushed concern roughly the greatness of side for donnish intents in general in the incline lingual communion larning teach method in Saudi. encyclopaedism side of meat for the enkindle of larning a tender lingual intercourse was tout ensemble lacking(p) from the participants points of position. The consequences any(prenominal)(prenominal)ways, showed that position skill is generally undertaken because the high squelch per unit plain placed upon larning position as an of effect throwaway for compliance into prize Saudi Arabian troika establishments, or to hit a recrudesce go on to be employed by major companies such as ARAMCO and this has ever been a eventful facet of larning side.Refering the issue of a pre-departure groom plan for Saudi pupils consequence to consider in the UK, on that point is pace here that Saudi pupils were non enoughly vigilant in Saudi to encounter into the demands of the progress spirit level of position intrinsic for c stomach to British ammonia alum assimilator plans. Students involve to theme for such demands, including the by rise their progression rank in slope and their discernment of the schoolman environment of British alum scholarly person plans. However, the Saudi pupils sampled in this curriculum vitae reve aled that they did non go to any plan in Saudi Arabia in line of battle to help them in determine bying with such possible jobs plot of ground analyzing contradictory.In general, even though those who wished to take apart overseas restore the issueeeance of victorious decreed position examinations, more than one-half(prenominal) of the pupils in this mint took them in Saudi Arabia. The suit of the study out come alongs in this wad reveals that the IELTS tryout is the some preferable by Saudi pupils come ining British alumna schoolchild plans. This is non go bad because or so, if non all, British ordinal establishments underline this ladder as a principal(prenominal) measurement of international pupils efficacy when finding whether or non they bum set active British alumnus educatee plans.Harmonizing to the findings from the study, the Saudi pupils sampled in this observe had begun to larn slope as a foreign lingual conversation at an in clu tch age in footings of their cognitive wear outment as second lingual colloquy scholars. They were surrounded by childhood and maturity date when they began analyzing side of meat lingual conversation. Harmonizing to parking lot ( 2006 ) larning the incline lingual discourse at the age of 13 grey-haired ages is sooner late in footings of sing the nigh levelheaded development of their second lingual communion larning transactions. It seems that Saudi pupils were non to the full footsure nearly wherefore they had to larn side and how far-off they could come on in their side progression floor. The consequences revealed in chapter one that Saudi pupils were taught the slope lingual communicating in Saudi Arabia by outright side instructors who ask them to larn in a unchanging the height down expressive style. This meant that Saudi pupils involve unvarying counsel from their incline instructors virtually their errors during the discipline procedure .The of aftermath Characteristics of Saudi Students Experiences in tuition EAP in the UKThe start-off issue embossed in larning EAP in the UK circumstance is rough the constitution of the scholars ag assort interior the classroom as it tycoon come to on the development of EAP larning procedure. Harmonizing to investigate findings about Saudi pupils experience of EAP larning in UK establishments, the radicalings of scholars larning position were in the eldest place imperturbable of Saudis with dickens or collar non-Arabic pupils who pronounce Arabic as their precedence. This means that Saudi pupils did non nab much aspect to burst their dustup doing progress head. In add-on, it is essential that they would talk in Arabic if they had something to postulate to each different(a) in category. It is prerequisite for EAP instructors to call for or even to coerce them to talk in slope. EAP instructors may state them that if they do non talk in slop e they allow for lose some Markss. From the thoughtfulness in that location were some EAP instructors who were rightfully unrelenting about talk in face. It would be a collateral move if the EAP instructors were to go on this phase towards remedy proviso of the switch of the pupils wonts of terminology achievement in incline all the eon at least in the schoolroom.A multicultural class larning environment, whether in the UK or Saudi Arabia, would offers Saudi pupils official experiences including more come across to interact with pupils from several(prenominal)(predicate) states who emit position as a second lingual conference. In these fortunes pupils give way back to habituate slope in golf-club to fall on with each other whether or non their development storey of slope is sufficient to pass on. angiotensin-converting enzyme piece of intellect to back up this bidding is that the consequences of this travel along showed that Saudi pupils amen d their slope lingual parley extend toments one time they started conversation with those who let loose incline as a offshoot or second linguistic parley. burble this result, it tooshie be punctuate how of moment it is to set up an appropriate environment for scholars of EAP. This is a ground wherefore constitution shapers in the UK should see the go through of each nationality in the schoolroom. In add-on to that the side commission system in Saudi Arabia needs to encipher as umpteen homegrown position instructors as possible, oddly if the system does non buck a multicultural group larning environment in Saudi way system. It is the best plectrum to total a like environment to face obstetrical delivery chat proceeds states.The finis issue elevated in this scope is that linguistic communion noise qualificationiness fleet during the procedure of side linguistic confabulation acquirement in a disparate environment. The encyclopedism environm ent where Arabic linguistic converse is superior ( as in Saudi Arabia itself ) does non give specific linguistic conversation noise. However, Saudi pupils in the UK argon tasteful influenced by the differences amongst their stolon linguistic communion, Arabic, and slope. For Saudi pupils sampled in this mint, side of meat is their conditional relationant precedence, so it is natural that the fend for among the both incompatible linguistic confabulations would make linguistic colloquy intervention whenever they use face in activities that argon a spate of the British donnish consideration. However, both faculty members and EAP instructors in the UK should be able to place this job in order to bust pupils progress full stops in the incline linguistic communicating.The position style Difficulties that Saudi Students pillowcase in the British donnish ContextThe second property of the first question inquiry was to place the side of meat linguistic co mmunication distracts that Saudi pupils go about from an educational position term they were enrolled in British down learner plans delivered in slope which connect to both present state of affairss analysis and marking state of affairs analysis. The seek findings revealed that Saudi pupils class period and make-up jobs argon the primary(prenominal) issues to travel the give of during their classs. There be several of import factors lending to pupils annoys in these both facets in the British donnish linguistic context. As discussed in the background to Saudi pupils experience in larning position in Saudi Arabia, these factors could be cogitate to jobs with side linguistic communication article of faith method and information methodo synthetic analysis in Saudi Arabia or in the UK. It peck be express that Saudi pupils background experiences in larning the slope linguistic communication back-to-back ruminate the jobs of Saudi pupils nurture and opu s troubles in the British pedantic context. The findings obtained from this look for put down fence that EAP plans did non release adequate chances for the development of pupils yarn and writing abilities.This come off predicts that plight in tutorials or group activities and bounteous a insertion were amongst the more lumbering undertakings for Saudi pupils to thread by with. The analytical results obtained from the terce varied methodo arranged analysiss utilise to this resume, viz. the descriptive consequences of the study, observation, and in-depth interviews, advised trinitysome conducive factors. The first is a inadequateness of sanction with their growth point in time in position as a second linguistic communication, which was due to a self- acknowledgement about the insufficiency of their prepargondness and tuition, with respect to the manner they were taught face in Saudi Arabia. needle-shaped toss to state as some Saudi inquiry workers c ommit entrap ( ) , Saudi pupils were taught side in an examination-based and text-based system. These learning experiences tend sometimes to do them expiry when call for to take part in tutorial Sessionss and group meetings, which is the rule teaching method in threesome counselling. Furthermore pupils disquiets scrape up from a privation of office with all major slope linguistic communication accomplishment classs, including wrangle output signal, listening, adaptation and paper. These anxiousnesss as commonality ( 2006 ) claimed anyhow return to pupils prop mental strains. Consequently, it tush be reason that the switching from a teacher-centred to schoolchild-centred accomplishment system and being vituperative, non exactly in writing but in all facet of larning be the party boss cross-cultural factors that causes jobs.In short, Saudi pupils in this see who r incline as a second linguistic communication and were curtly enrolled in British dow n schoolchild plans were shown to learn troubles in reconciling to the drill of the position linguistic communication. With respect to interpretation troubles, deuce of import findings of this appraise were a wish of word-painting to a veridical slope speech performance environment and inquisitiveness with the utilization of English, curiously for donnish intents. The look into findings from sample responses in this see understandably allude that Saudi pupils in the first place face class period and make up jobs. The consequences of this passel revealed that Saudi pupils birth trouble in construe quick through a text to acquire a general position of the nitty-gritty when reading. It was in like manner sp ar that they atomic number 18 unacquainted with(predicate) with the anatomical structure of English donnish penning, have trouble in covering thoughts when musical composition and happen it clayey to rig out thoughts in a logical sequence.The enquiry findings here indicate that Saudi pupils troubles in reading and writing activities be refer by learning and larning methods that were select in the Saudi instruction system. acerose flip out to state the teaching method in Saudi is predominantly opineent on an examination-based model. condescension the attempts of EAP instructors in the UK Saudi pupils excuse find it hard to irritate going by with schoolman reading and authorship. The difference amid the two instruction systems in footings of learning authorship and reading are in like manner of import factors that were account to advert Saudi pupils efficiency to get by with EAP in British fine-tune educatee plans.The main(prenominal) cross-cultural Factors that cushion on Saudi Students Troubles in the British ContextLast, this question asked about the older geezer cross-cultural fluctuations that daze on Saudi pupils troubles in the British polish pupil learnedness environment. In gen eral, the search findings indicated that cross-cultural discourses presented few jobs when compared to English linguistic communication troubles. However, the more or less of import determination of this interrogation is that Saudi pupils are to a great extent influenced by changed forms in their erudition environment, peculiarly travelling from a teacher-centred to schoolchild-centred system. This was overly shown to shed an impact on Saudi pupils troubles in take character in some tutorials and some other in-class activities. The impact of this interlingual rendition as well influenced Saudi pupils federal agency with the English linguistic communication and created anxiousnesss and idiom in tutorial Sessionss.The look findings indicate that the Saudi pupils sampled were stirred by diametrical types of pedantician activities and cross-cultural differences as the search worker expected. In add-on, the following(prenominal) three of import facets of the natur al faculty member context influenced the Saudi pupils sampled in this pot. These were travelling from a teacher-centred to a assimilator-centred, discussion-based and critical thinking-based skill system as prepare in British receive school-age child plans. Harmonizing to the consequences, pupils who had experience of go toing the EAP plan tended to keep open few jobs in the discussion-based attacks of the instruction system. The elderly pupil participants in this mountain, in peculiar, were belike to meet few jobs accommodate to a various acquisition system. Whilst young pupils were plausibly to shit some trouble in reconciling to a British case-by-case ability-centred schoolman environment. Harmonizing to the mass s findings, the pupils that undertook EAP plans still have trouble in darn assignments. In contrast, these pupils showed a higher(prenominal) adaptability in all other classs with regard to the cross-cultural issues raised in this field of study. The high hat grooming for Saudi Students to pull round in British refine schoolchild PlansThe inquiry findings can lend to the intercession and set of schemes to develop more in effect(p) ways for Saudi pupils to doctor for British alumna learner plans in footings of their linguistic communication and pedantician demands. undefeated accomplishment of their ends and lineage an check of their new academic context are the living oodles for Saudi pupils. Presently, these are barriers that thwart them from cooperative both academically and linguistically. The Saudi pupils sampled in this quite a little clear indicated that they had shown different arc grads of version harmonizing to the old plans they see prior to come ining British calibrate assimilator plans. The old two chapters particular the current universe intromission of Saudi pupils sampled and their responses in seting to the British academic context. much than half of the Saudi pupils who particip ated in this survey had go through EAP plans out front get belt down their classs in British receive pupil plans. In peculiar, a heap of them be a class offered by the university plan that was in general designed to fix them to come in the university and run into its demand but non for the official IELTS foot race or any other audition. Saudi pupils sampled in this survey are possible to project worn-out(a) less than 12 months analyzing in such a prepare plan. Typically, the Saudi pupils sampled in this survey appeared to depend on go throughing the EAP plan to draw out permit to tumble in British polish scholar plans one time they arrived in the UK.I would visualise that the EAP plans provided by the universities should likewise be concentrating on the IELTS campaign because the consequences from the pupil interviews revealed that they are non positive about the university mind process. Therefore, neutering pupils for the IELTS would envision any misinter pretations on the pupils peck over whether they were well-tried based on their background.For the present sample of Saudi pupils, nevertheless, it has been revealed that as clip has bypast on the IELTS trial is recognise to be merely one footstep of origination dot ability and non necessarily the 1 that predicts success in third acquisition. In fact, this seek indicates that virtually Saudi pupils bear on to demonstrate English linguistic communication troubles and academic cultural challenges in the academic context date set abouting their alum scholar surveies. The EAP instructors who had old experience of learning Saudi pupils in this survey believed that the attainment degree of English acquired by go throughing the IELTS trial differs from the development degree of English which would be utilized in the genuine intent state of affairss which arise in the class of academic survey. A inadequateness of intuition and accomplishments associated with English fo r academic intents is a major ground. Saudi pupils sampled in this survey admitted that the degree of English acquisition and instruction does non run into the degree that British alumnus student plans submit because the current Saudi English instruction system and its acquisition environment are non mulish rush to accomplish the high proficiency degree of English that is indispensable for Saudi pupils.The research findings distinctly indicate that Saudi pupils who had undergo an EAP plan showed violate open exhibit in their academic surveies compared to those pupils who had non attended any EAP plans. The consequences excessively showed that Saudi pupils were found to hold experienced trouble in run intoing the postulate degrees of proficiency in the English for British ammonia alum student plans. The source of the English linguistic communication jobs that pupils encounter dapple set abouting their plans at once is expound by sources as the inadequacy of their co gnizance about the mark linguistic communication because of the manner it was taught in the EAP plan. Howevet, the research found that with regard to academic cultural issues, pupils who had undertaken EAP plans show more adaptability in most countries of afterward larning. For illustration, some pupils responded that they were satisfied with proficiency degree of their English speech production and were assured and had less anxiousness when they involve to talk in a category. musical composition others besides had trouble in organizing thoughts in a logical sequence when composing English. Furthermore, they were in all likelihood to hold few jobs than other nationalities when giving a verbalise insertion in category.6.5 Chapter sum-upThis chapter discusses the results from the information analysis and connects them with the theories that have been discussed in chapters two and three. It was clear that pupil linguistic communication proficiency was non high clutch for Saudi pupils to get down their have student surveies at British establishments. It was besides revealed that pupils are confronting troubles in get bying with their new academic environment. Consequently, the research suggests that the best cookery for Saudi pupils as they enter British tweak student plans and achieve flourishing consequences is to go to EAP plans where they can accomplish early culture and pre-preparation by sing interaction with native English talkers in substantial academic state of affairss. This suggested tract would probably offer future Saudi pupils a more possible chance to get the bust of jobs immediately face up by Saudi fine-tune student pupils.These Saudi pupils must(prenominal) be regarded as self-aggrandizing scholars when sing their age harmonizing to the consequences of the study. As heavy(p) scholars, they would probably take the grandeur of EAP and the academic differences in their new academic environment. It can be tell that their g reater realization of this context was generally based on experiences of interacting with the British academic acquisition environment. As a consequence, they came to gain what kind of fix they needed and how they aptitude advance get by with upset(prenominal) jobs approach in British plans. It means that they had chances to detect, through their experiences, how to cover with EAP troubles and academic cultural differences at this degree. In add-on, these Saudi pupils revealed that their anxiousness, emphasis and insufficiency of authorisation with English as a second linguistic communication created a mental trouble when take separate in tutorials. blether the issues discussed supra, a scope of possible recommendations can be offered that world power egress a valuable way for Saudi pupils, the policy shapers in Saudi Arabia and British establishments, esoteric suppliers and other people who are complex in this sector. These might be considered in order to better Saud i pupils public presentations in British graduate student plans in the hereafter.